CaCl2联合FeCl3诱导猪股动脉慢性完全闭塞样病变模型的构建与初步验证

Establishment and preliminary validation of a porcine femoral artery chronic total occlusion-like lesion model induced by combined CaCl2 and FeCl3 treatment

摘要:

背景与目的 外周动脉疾病（PAD）中的慢性完全闭塞（CTO）病变常伴血栓形成、血管重构及钙化等复杂病理改变，现有动物模型难以同时模拟上述特征。本研究探索采用氯化钙（CaCl₂）联合三氯化铁（FeCl₃）局部处理构建猪股动脉CTO样病变模型的可行性。方法 选取1头健康成年白猪，对右侧股动脉进行CaCl₂灌注、FeCl₃滤纸贴敷及血管外膜周围CaCl?局部注射处理，对侧股动脉作为假手术对照。分别于术前、术后2个月及术后3个月采用数字减影血管造影（DSA）和CT血管造影（CTA）进行影像学评估，并于术后3个月取材行HE染色观察组织学改变。结果 DSA显示建模侧股动脉于术后2个月和术后3个月均持续闭塞，术后3个月延迟相可见细小连续侧支形成。CTA显示建模段重度狭窄或闭塞，伴管腔充盈缺损及管壁局灶性高密度影。HE染色显示病变段存在血栓形成及机化、内膜增厚和结构破坏、中膜平滑肌排列紊乱，并可见局灶性可疑钙盐沉积样改变。结论 本单例初步可行性研究表明，CaCl₂联合FeCl₃局部处理可在猪股动脉诱导形成以持续性管腔闭塞和血栓机化为主要特征，并伴局灶性钙盐沉积样改变的CTO样病变。该方法可为大动物下肢动脉慢性闭塞模型的构建提供探索性方案，其稳定性和可重复性仍需进一步研究验证。

Abstract:

Background and Aims Chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions in peripheral artery disease (PAD) are characterized by complex pathological changes including thrombosis, vascular remodeling, and calcification. Existing animal models are often unable to simultaneously reproduce these features. This study explored the feasibility of establishing a porcine femoral artery CTO-like lesion model using combined focal treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and ferric chloride (FeCl₃).Methods One healthy adult white pig was used. The right femoral artery underwent intraluminal CaCl₂ perfusion, FeCl₃-soaked filter paper application, and additional perivascular CaCl₂ injection, while the contralateral femoral artery served as a sham-operated control. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) were performed before modeling and at 2 and 3 months after modeling. Histological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining at 3 months.Results DSA demonstrated persistent occlusion of the modeled femoral arterial segment at both 2 and 3 months, with small continuous collateral vessels observed in the delayed phase at 3 months. CTA showed severe stenosis or occlusion of the modeled segment, accompanied by intraluminal filling defects and focal high-density shadows on the vessel wall. HE staining revealed thrombus formation and organization, intimal thickening and disruption, disordered arrangement of medial smooth muscle cells, and focal suspected calcium salt deposition-like changes.Conclusion This single-case preliminary feasibility study suggests that combined focal treatment with CaCl₂ and FeCl₃ can induce a CTO-like lesion in the porcine femoral artery, characterized by persistent luminal occlusion and thrombus organization with focal calcium salt deposition-like changes. This method may provide an exploratory approach for constructing large-animal models of lower-limb arterial chronic occlusion, although its reproducibility and stability require further validation.