肝细胞癌循环肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸机制与靶向干预研究进展

Research progress on immune escape mechanism and targeted intervention of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma

摘要:

肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球范围内导致癌症相关死亡的主要原因之一，HCC是典型的免疫原性肿瘤，其复杂的免疫微环境在肿瘤的发生和发展中起着关键作用。近年来，免疫抑制细胞和循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）之间的相互网络交互作用促进HCC免疫逃逸和转移引起了广泛关注。CTC如何逃避免疫监视和被免疫细胞清除仍不清楚。本文聚焦循环肿瘤细胞与免疫抑制细胞的调控网络及免疫逃逸的关键通路，引入外泌体调控和单细胞多组学技术解析细胞互作机制，系统阐述靶向PD-L1、CCL5等通路的临床转化挑战，并提出人工智能驱动的个体化治疗前景。

Abstract:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. As a typical immunogenic tumor, HCC has a complex immune microenvironment that plays a crucial role in its initiation and progression. In recent years, the interactive network between immunosuppressive cells and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has drawn increasing attention for its role in promoting HCC immune evasion and metastasis. However, how CTCs escape immune surveillance and clearance by immune cells remains unclear. This article focuses on the regulatory networks between CTCs and immunosuppressive cells as well as the key pathways of immune evasion, introduces exosome-mediated regulation and single-cell multi-omics technologies to dissect mechanisms of cellular interactions, systematically discusses the clinical translational challenges of targeting pathways such as PD-L1 and CCL5, and proposes future prospects for personalized therapy driven by artificial intelligence.