Abstract:Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PE), is a common and potentially life-threatening vascular disease. Although D-dimer is widely used for VTE screening, its limited specificity restricts its diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility for risk stratification. In recent years, increasing evidence has demonstrated that a variety of emerging biomarkers may contribute to the early diagnosis, risk assessment, therapeutic monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of VTE. This review summarizes the biological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and clinical applications of representative biomarkers, including D-dimer, microRNAs, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, neutrophil extracellular traps, fibrin monomer, thrombomodulin, microparticles, ischemia-modified albumin, E-/P-selectins, and galectin-3. The current progress in multimarker combination strategies and their potential clinical applications are also discussed. Future studies should focus on standardized detection methods, prospective validation of multimarker panels, and integration with multi-omics technologies to improve early diagnosis, individualized risk stratification, and precision management of VTE.